Australia - Carrots
Official Government statistics for Western Australia (2016) here. Commodity report for 2010 here (pdf)
Carrots were the fifth most valuable vegetable crop in Australia behind potatoes, mushrooms, tomatoes and onions in 2004 (ABS). According to ABS, 302,560 tonnes of carrots were produced from about 7,200 hectares in Australia in 2004 with a farm gate value of $ 150 million.
In Australia, average yield is estimated at near 42 (t/ha) however good commercial operations often market over 60 t/ha and 80 to 90 t/ha yields are achievable.
Australian production increased steadily from 257,000 tonnes in 1999 peaking at 321,000 tonnes in 2000 before declining to 316,025 tonnes in 2006.
Victoria (26 %) and Western Australia (21 %) together produce nearly half of Australia’s carrots. Tasmania (17%), New South Wales (14 %) and South Australia (14 %) and are the next biggest producers. The largest carrot producing farms are located on the Murray River east of Mildura in Victoria, and north of Perth in the west Gingin/Lancelin area of Western Australia.
About 20 % of Australian carrot production was exported fresh in 2004/05 with most of the remainder sold fresh for domestic consumption. Carrots have been the most valuable fresh vegetable export from Australia since 2002. In 2006 Australian carrot exports of 66,000 tonnes were valued at $ 43.5 million. Western Australia produces over 90 % of Australia’s carrot exports which are shipped to more than 20 countries.
History
In Australia prior to the 1920’s, carrots were cultivated on small holdings in vegetable growing areas close to cities. Planting, thinning, weeding, harvesting and washing were done by hand. As production expanded, horse-drawn ploughs and scarifiers were introduced for ground preparation. Tractors changed the face of vegetable production in the 1930’s and 40’s and the introduction of kerosene (“weed oil”) as a herbicide for carrots in the 1940’s revolutionised carrot production by replacing hand and mechanical weeding and allowing more extensive plantings. Cheaper, more convenient herbicides such as linuron replaced kerosene in the 1970’s. The introduction of mechanical harvesters in the early 1960’s saw individual growers planting up to 40 ha of carrots a year.
Grower numbers declined dramatically with mechanisation of the industry. Mechanical grading also introduced in the 1960s saw big gains in industry efficiency. During this period, plastic bags replaced hessian bags as packaging for wholesale. Most fresh market carrots are now sold in 20 kg plastic bags, cartons or exchangeable plastic crates.
Varieties in Australia
Osborne Park Champion (also known as Champion Red Core) was the main carrot variety grown in Australia for many years prior to the 1950s. During the 1950s, a range of varieties were grown, including Red Core Chantenay, Imperator, Top Weight and All Seasons (a selection of Top Weight). A selection of Osborne Park called Western Red established itself as the main variety Australia-wide by the 1970’s because of its high yield and quality. Western Red remained the mainstay of the carrot industry until the introduction of hybrid Imperator varieties from America and hybrid Nantes varieties from Europe in the early 1990’s.
Most of the carrot varieties grown in Australia belong to one of the following four variety groups distinguished by shape although some new varieties, such as Mojo are the result of combining characteristics from several variety groups via conventional plant breeding. The four major variety groups represented in Australia are:
1. Nantes varieties with blunt-ended straight to slightly tapered roots. Nantes varieties are generally sweet flavoured because of low terpenoid contents. Root length averages 200 mm. Example variety are Stefano and Navarre.
2. Imperator varieties such as Red Hot and Cellobunch which produce pointed roots up to 350 mm long with medium width shoulders and taper. Several varieties grown in Australia such as Condor and Red Brigade are intermediate in shape between Imperator and Autumn King varieties. Still others such as Red Count and Red Sabre are intermediate in shape between Imperator and Nantes. Imperator varieties originated in the United States in the 1920s from crossing Chantenay and Nantes varieties.
3. Autumn King varieties which have wide-shouldered highly tapered pointed roots averaging 300 mm in length. The main representative of this group grown in Australia is Western Red. Majestic Red is a related variety with some Chantenay characteristics.
4. Chantenay varieties such as Royal Chantenay which are wide-shouldered and highly tapered with good internal colour. They produce short roots and are mainly used for processing. More recently the Japanese Kuroda type carrots have been grown, principally in Tasmania for export to Japan. During the late 1990’s.
Nantes varieties have become, by far, the most important type of carrot grown in Australia.
One variety called Red Elephant is currently listed in the UK Heritage Seed catalogue – a fast growing, large and tasty 19th century Australian heirloom has no hard core and can be eaten at any stage from baby to full maturity. described in Carters Blue of Gardening in 1934 as “A veritable giant, both in length and bulk, specimens have been exhibited measuring 30 inches long.”
General aspects of carrot production in Australia
Carrots are commonly grown in rotation with other vegetable crops such as potatoes, lettuce, cauliflowers, broccoli and onions. They are grown on a wide range of soil types although sandy soils are favoured because of better root quality and ease of harvesting.
The growing period for a carrot crop is largely temperature dependent and ranges from 14 to 24 weeks depending on location and time of year. A bed system is used to grow carrots throughout Australia. Tractors with wheel centre spacings between 1.5 and 2.0 m straddle the beds. Three or four double rows of carrots are usually sown per bed with 50-80 mm between each row of the double row. A single row harvester then lifts one double row in a pass. Optimum plant densities for fresh carrot production range from 50 to 80 plants per square metre depending on yield potential of the crop. Carrot seed is small (averaging 800 seeds per gram) and oblong flat in shape with rough edges.
The best results are achieved by sowing carrot seed with precision air seeders. Because the seed is irregular in shape it is often pelleted or the technique of film coating which covers the seed with a thin polymer coating is used to make the seed easier to plant with a precision seeder. There are 80-100 seeds/g for pelleted seed. Just under 1 kilogram of raw seed or 7 kg of pelleted seed is required to plant a hectare of carrots. For precision sowing, seed needs to have a germination of over 90 per cent if target densities with consistent interplant spacings are to be achieved. Seed is sown shallow at about 5-10 mm and kept moist with irrigation if weather is hot and dry.
Time to emergence is temperature dependent and ranges from about 8 to 24 days under field conditions. At a constant temperature of 20 C carrots take 12 days to reach 80 % emergence. Cereal rye nursery crops are often sown a few days before carrots on sandy soils to prevent wind erosion damage to young carrot seedlings. The cereal rye is then killed with a grass specific herbicide. Weed control is by cultivation and and a range of pre- and post-emergent herbicides including linuron, trifluralin, prometryne and fluazifop-butyl. The soil fumigant metham sodium also effectively controls many weeds where used. Carrots are irrigated mainly using overhead sprinklers, centre-pivot and lateral move irrigators with water drawn from bores, rivers and dams.
Carrots grow best if water contains a total soluble salts concentration of less than 700 mg/L, while germination and establishment can be adversely affected if irrigation water contains more than 1,300 mg/L. Fertiliser requirements of carrots are low relative to many other vegetable crops. However for high yields moderate levels of fertility are required. A 60 t/ha carrot crop removes about 100 kg of nitrogen /ha. Carrots are susceptible to magnesium deficiency on acid soils and boron deficiency on sandy soils. Most crops are harvested by single row carrot harvesters which lift the carrots, cut off the leaves and and deliver the roots to trailers or bulk bins ready for washing. Larger operations use twin or multi-row harvesters. Some small areas of carrots are still harvested by hand. Carrots are washed immediately after harvest in rotary washers then size graded before coolstoring prior to packing. Once packed in plastic bags or lined cartons carrots can be stored for long periods at 1 C. Carrots develop bitter flavours if stored in open containers in mixed storage with ethylene producing fruit due to the production of iso-coumarin in the carrots.
Long Orange was the carrot variety selected for the first gardens in New South Wales and became a very important food for the colonists. On 13 May 1787 it was recorded that a total of 66 bushels of seed was loaded aboard HMS Sirius, Supply and Golden Grove, part of the fleet of eleven ships which left Portsmouth, England for Australia. Gidley King's gang of convict gardeners sowed carrot seed at Norfolk Island on 17 March 1788, just two weeks after their arrival. It noted that the seedlings had sprouted by 21 March (probably not correct!). More carrots, from "English Seeds" were sown on 7 July and the mature roots were gathered in October. Examples of early seed packets. (image courtesy of Sydney Living Museums)
The Early Horn, Short Horn and Scarlet
Horn varieties were popular in Australia from colonial tim
es until the 1970’s.
In 1861 John Baptist of Surry Hills (Sydney) listed Large Orange, Large Horn and
Early Horn; in Victoria,”Rusticus” (William S. Chauncy) described Early Horn
in1855 as “hardy and small; Ernst Heyne of Adelaide (1871) said Early Short Horn
was “a small but exceedingly tender variety”; and Cheeseman’s of North Brighton,
Victoria (1910-11) offered “Early Scarlet Short Horn – Deep red skin and flesh,
fine grained, crisp, well flavoured; matures early”. Short Horn was listed by
Law, Somner in 1973.
Nurseryman Thomas Shepherd had difficulty adjusting to the dry seasons and high evaporation rate of the Australian climate when he left England to set up the Darling Nursery in Sydney in 1827. “This Colony produces carrots very nearly as good as I have seen them in England, both for flavour and size, in favourable moist seasons,” he said in a lecture in 1835,” but in very dry seasons they are much inferior”
(Above - From the book Keith Smith's Classic Vegetable Catalogue. Port Melbourne, Vic : Lothian Books, 1995.)
Some useful tips for growing carrots down under here. About the Garden - your local gardening experts.
An interesting recipe from an old Oz newspaper
Carrot Pie (The Land (Sydney, NSW : 1911 - 1954), Friday 21 March 1919)
Two red carrots, two ounces of currants, quarter of a pound of sugar, one lemon, two eggs, and some short pastry. Grate the carrots into a basin, mix in the sugar, currants, grated rind of lemon, and two eggs. Line a plate with the pastry. Put on the mixture and bake in a moderate oven for an hour. A little butter and a few breadcrumbs sprinkled over the top is an improvement to the pie.
There is also an Australian Carrot, Daucus glochidiatus, which is native. It is an annual or biennial, carrot-like herb to 0.3 m tall. Stems and branches are hairless and leaves are either hairless or clad with stiff hairs. Rosette leaves are divided 2–3 times into linear lobes, and stem leaves are similar but smaller. Up to eight flowers arise in unevenly proportioned, umbrella-shaped flower heads.
Flowers are white and sometimes tinged with red and about 1 mm diameter. Fruit have small, sharp spines about 1 mm long. Seeds are dark, oblong and about 3–5 mm long. Flowering occurs from October to December and fruiting from November to January. Clearly some ancestor of Queen Annes Lace (WIld Carrot) - Or it could be escaped from domesticated carrots and run to wild, like what happened in the USA. (Photos of OZ Wild Carrot here) Just to further confuse, or whet my appetite! There is an Aboriginal word meaning "Place where the kundle (wild carrot) grows".
Kundle Kundle is the North Coast Island where Captain Cook landed!! -
Read the fascinating story of the invention of the Griffith mechanical carrot washer un 1952 here.
This article was written by Allan McKay, from Agriculture, Western Australia. Thanks very much to Allan from 'down under'.
Carrots were the fifth most valuable vegetable crop in
Australia behind potatoes, mushrooms, tomatoes and onions in 2004 (
ABS).
According to ABS, 302,560 tonnes of carrots were produced from about 7,200
hectares in Australia in 2004 with a farmgate value of $ 150 million.
In Australia, average yield is estimated at near 42 (t/ha) however good
commercial operations often market over 60 t/ha and 80 to 90 t/ha yields are
achievable.
Australian production increased steadily from 257,000 tonnes in 1999 peaking at
321,000 tonnes in 2000 before declining to 316,025 tonnes in 2006.
Victoria (26 %) and Western Australia (21 %) together produce nearly half of
Australia's carrots. Tasmania (17%), New South Wales (14 %) and South Australia
(14 %) and are the next biggest producers. The largest carrot producing farms
are located on the
Murray River east of Mildura in Victoria, and north of Perth in the west Gingin/Lancelin
area of Western Australia.
About 20 % of Australian carrot production was exported fresh in 2004/05 with
most of the remainder sold fresh for domestic consumption. Carrots have been the
most valuable fresh vegetable export from Australia since 2002. In 2006
Australian carrot exports of 66,000 tonnes were valued at $ 43.5 million.
Western Australia produces over 90 % of Australia's carrot exports which are
shipped to more than 20 countries.
Small quantities of Australian carrots are processed into juice concentrate and
into sliced and diced frozen products. A small proportion of the Australian
carrot crop is processed into juice, frozen diced, canned and cut and peel
products.
Further reading about carrots in Western Australia, by the Department of Agriculture, here.
Tasmania produces about 50,000 tonnes per year and about 20% of Australia's total crop.
History
In Australia prior to the 1920's, carrots were cultivated on small holdings in
vegetable growing areas close to cities. Planting, thinning, weeding, harvesting
and washing were done by hand. As production expanded, horse-drawn ploughs and
scarifiers were introduced for ground preparation. Tractors changed the face of
vegetable production in the 1930's and 40's and the introduction of kerosene
("weed oil") as a herbicide for carrots in the 1940's revolutionised carrot
production by replacing hand and mechanical weeding and allowing more extensive
plantings. Cheaper, more convenient herbicides such as linuron replaced kerosene
in the 1970's. The introduction of mechanical harvesters in the early 1960's saw
individual growers planting up to 40 ha of carrots a year.
Grower numbers declined dramatically with mechanisation of the industry.
Mechanical grading also introduced in the 1960s saw big gains in industry
efficiency. During this period, plastic bags replaced hessian bags as packaging
for wholesale. Most fresh market carrots are now sold in 20 kg plastic bags,
cartons or exchangeable plastic crates.
Varieties in Australia
Osborne Park Champion (also known as Champion Red Core) was the main carrot
variety grown in Australia for many years prior to the 1950s. During the 1950s,
a range of varieties were grown, including Red Core Chantenay, Imperator, Top
Weight and All Seasons (a selection of Top Weight). A selection of Osborne Park
called Western Red established itself as the main variety Australia-wide by the
1970's because of its high yield and quality. Western Red remained the mainstay
of the carrot industry until the introduction of hybrid Imperator varieties from
America and hybrid Nantes varieties from Europe in the early 1990's.
Most of the carrot varieties grown in Australia belong to one of the following
four variety groups distinguished by shape although some new varieties, such as
Mojo are the result of combining characteristics from several variety groups via
conventional plant breeding. The four major variety groups represented in
Australia are:
1. Nantes varieties with blunt-ended straight to slightly tapered roots. Nantes
varieties are generally sweet flavoured because of low terpenoid contents. Root
length averages 200 mm. Example variety are Stefano and Navarre.
Nantes varieties have become, by far, the most important type of carrot grown in
Australia.
2. Imperator varieties such as Red Hot and Cellobunch which produce pointed
roots up to 350 mm long with medium width shoulders and taper. Several varieties
grown in Australia such as Condor and Red Brigade are intermediate in shape
between Imperator and Autumn King varieties. Still others such as Red Count and
Red Sabre are intermediate in shape between Imperator and Nantes. Imperator
varieties originated in the United States in the 1920s from crossing Chantenay
and Nantes varieties.
3. Autumn King varieties which have wide-shouldered highly tapered pointed roots
averaging 300 mm in length. The main representative of this group grown in
Australia is Western Red. Majestic Red is a related variety with some Chantenay
characteristics.
4. Chantenay varieties such as Royal Chantenay which are wide-shouldered and
highly tapered with good internal colour. They produce short roots and are
mainly used for processing. More recently the Japanese Kuroda type carrots have
been grown, principally in Tasmania for export to Japan.
General aspects of carrot production in Australia
Carrots are commonly grown in rotation with other vegetable crops such as
potatoes, lettuce, cauliflowers, broccoli and onions. They are grown on a wide
range of soil types although sandy soils are favoured because of better root
quality and ease of harvesting.
The growing period for a carrot crop is largely temperature dependent and ranges
from 14 to 24 weeks depending on location and time of year. A bed system is used
to grow carrots throughout Australia. Tractors with wheel centre spacings
between 1.5 and 2.0 m straddle the beds. Three or four double rows of carrots
are usually sown per bed with 50-80 mm between each row of the double row. A
single row harvester then lifts one double row in a pass. Optimum plant
densities for fresh carrot production range from 50 to 80 plants per square
metre depending on yield potential of the crop. Carrot seed is small (averaging
800 seeds per gram) and oblong flat in shape with rough edges.
The best results are achieved by sowing carrot seed with precision air seeders.
Because the seed is irregular in shape it is often pelleted or the technique of
film coating which covers the seed with a thin polymer coating is used to make
the seed easier to plant with a precision seeder. There are 80-100 seeds/g for
pelleted seed. Just under 1 kilogram of raw seed or 7 kg of pelleted seed is
required to plant a hectare of carrots. For precision sowing, seed needs to have
a germination of over 90 per cent if target densities with consistent interplant
spacings are to be achieved. Seed is sown shallow at about 5-10 mm and kept
moist with irrigation if weather is hot and dry.
Time to emergence is temperature dependent and ranges from about 8 to 24 days
under field conditions. At a constant temperature of 20 C carrots take 12 days
to reach 80 % emergence. Cereal rye nursery crops are often sown a few days
before carrots on sandy soils to prevent wind erosion damage to young carrot
seedlings. The cereal rye is then killed with a grass specific herbicide. Weed
control is by cultivation and and a range of pre- and post-emergent herbicides
including linuron, trifluralin, prometryne and fluazifop-butyl. The soil
fumigant metham sodium also effectively controls many weeds where used. Carrots
are irrigated mainly using overhead sprinklers, centre-pivot and lateral move
irrigators with water drawn from bores, rivers and dams.
Carrots grow best if water contains a total soluble salts concentration of less
than 700 mg/L, while germination and establishment can be adversely affected if
irrigation water contains more than 1,300 mg/L. Fertiliser requirements of
carrots are low relative to many other vegetable crops. However for high yields
moderate levels of fertility are required. A 60 t/ha carrot crop removes about
100 kg of nitrogen /ha. Carrots are susceptible to magnesium deficiency on acid
soils and boron deficiency on sandy soils. Most crops are harvested by single
row carrot harvesters which lift the carrots, cut off the leaves and and deliver
the roots to trailers or bulk bins ready for washing. Larger operations use twin
or multi-row harvesters. Some small areas of carrots are still harvested by
hand. Carrots are washed immediately after harvest in rotary washers then size
graded before coolstoring prior to packing. Once packed in plastic bags or lined
cartons carrots can be stored for long periods at 1 C. Carrots develop bitter
flavours if stored in open containers in mixed storage with ethylene producing
fruit due to the production of iso-coumarin in the carrots.
Pests and diseases of carrots in Australia
Compared with most vegetable crops, carrots suffer from few pests in Australia.
Occasionally, leaf hoppers (jassids), aphids, Rutherglen bugs, red-legged earth
mites and several species of caterpillars cause leaf damage, but these are
easily controlled. Weevil larvae occasionally cause damage to roots and cutworms
cause damage in some areas.
Compared to pests, there are a number of diseases which affect carrots at
various times and locations throughout Australia. Leaf blight caused by the
fungus Alternaria dauci (occasionally A. radicina) is a major disease of carrots
growing through wet autumn and winter conditions. Blight lesions are dark brown
to black and irregular in shape and are more severe on old leaves and petioles.
Under favourable conditions, blight can weaken and defoliate leaves reducing
harvesting efficiency. Blight fungi can be carried over on trash from previous
crops or can be seed-borne. Effective seed treatment involves soaking seed in
thiram or iprodione. Leaf spot caused by the fungus Cercospora carotae produces
small round lesions with pale centres and is more common in warmer conditions
though is not as damaging as leaf blight. Leaf blight and leaf spot can also
occur together.
In the field, leaf blight and leaf spot are controlled by regular application of
mancozeb or chlorothalonil fungicides from the first signs of disease. Sporadic
outbreaks of bacterial leaf spot (Xanthamonas campestris pv carotae) also occur
in Australia. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp) attack carrot roots causing
galling and root forking and stumping. Damage is most severe on light textured
soils. Control is with the crop rotaton, nematicides or the soil fumigants.
Rotation with non-host crops to reduce nematode populations and avoiding
heavily-infested areas for summer crops when nematodes are most damaging are
management strategies which help reduce nematode damage. Root forking or
stumping can also be caused by Pythium fungi attacking young taproots. Seed and
soil treatment with metalaxyl fungicide reduces forking caused by Pythium.
Damping off of seedlings can be caused by Pythium and Rhizoctonia fungi. Cavity
spot disease of carrots, which is caused by Pythium sulcatum and P. violae in
Australia, is important. This disease is more prevalent the longer the
carrot-cropping history of the land. Cavity spot is typically seen as small
brown sunken elliptical lesions randomly distributed on the root surface.
Moderate infection levels render the carrots unmarketable. The disease develops
rapidly in the last 3-4 weeks of crop development and while found year round,
can be devastating in late summer and autumn. This disease is difficult to
control although growing tolerant varieties such as Stefano, has helped with
cavity spot management.
Bacterial soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora is responsible for some crop
losses in carrots. It most often develops in storage where affected tissue
becomes water-soaked and collapses into a brown discoloured slimy mess. Carrot
virus Y disease transmitted by aphids, can cause severe distortion of carrots,
though is now relatively uncommon. Other diseases which occasionally cause
significant field losses in carrot crops are Sclerotinia (Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum), Rhizoctonia spp and Fusarium crown rot. Sclerotinia is also an
important storage disease particularly if storage conditions are not adequately
controlled.
Kalfresh,
Queensland,Australia
Not necessarily a festival but more a celebration of carrots!
Carrot Growers Kalfresh from Australia hold a Carrot Field Day as part of the Council's Eat Local Week activities. in July 5.
The event includes a carrot factory tour, pick your own carrots, a tractor ride, a free bag of carrots and a sausage sizzle!
Fun for all the family. Also meet the carrot growing gurus. A chance for "City Folk" to experience what actually happens in the countryside.
More at the Kalfresh website here.
Here is some background, provided by Kalfresh -
"We decided it was a good way of connecting with the end users of our product and showing them in an enjoyable way how we grow fresh vegetables and why they should support local Australian produce sold at sustainable prices.
We did the first field day as an experiment and it was very warmly received. It's been growing ever since and all the guys from the farms and the factory love meeting the customers and take great pride in showing off the trucks, the tractors and the carrots."
